Preface xiv
Abbreviations xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Reducing Risk or Increasing Well-being? 1
1.2 A Risk-focused Approach: The Risk Need Responsivity Model 3
1.3 A Strengths-based Approach: The Good Lives Model of Offender Rehabilitation 6
1.4 Aim 9
1.5 Overview 10
2 The Risk Need Responsivity Model vs. The Good Lives Model 13
Similarities and Differences
2.1 Similarities and Differences Between the Two Rehabilitation Models 13
2.1.1 Offender Rehabilitation: What Works According to Whom? 13
2.1.2 Goods to Pursue and/or Risks to Avoid? 15
2.1.3 Explaining Criminal Conduct: Two Sides of the Same Coin? 20
2.2 Bridging the Gap 22
2.2.1 The Potential Bridge Between Risk-focused and Welfare-focused Rehabilitation Approaches 22
2.2.2 The Potential Additional Value of the GLM: Treatment Motivation and Engagement 25
2.3 Moving Forward: To an Integrative Approach in (Juvenile) Offender Rehabilitation 28
3 Theoretical and Empirical Background of GLM’s First Etiological Assumption 31
Associations Between Primary Goods and Well-being
3.1 What is a Good Life? 31
3.1.1 Well-being Approaches 32
3.1.2 The Good Life According to the GLM 34
3.1.3 Goal-directed Human Nature 36
3.2 The Development of the GLM Primary Goods 37
3.3 Theories Underlying the GLM Primary Goods 39
3.3.1 Self-Determination Theory (SDT) 39
3.3.2 Psychological Theories 40
3.3.3 Philosophical Theories 41
3.4 Good Lives: Social, Cultural and Personal Differences 43
3.4.1 Secondary Goods 45
3.5 Empirical Evidence Supporting the GLM’s Primary Goods 46
3.5.1 Life 47
3.5.2 Knowledge 48
3.5.3 Excellence in Work 48
3.5.4 Excellence in Play 49
3.5.5 Excellence in Agency 49
3.5.6 Inner Peace 50
3.5.7 Relatedness 51
3.5.8 Community 51
3.5.9 Spirituality 52
3.5.10 Creativity 52
3.5.11 Pleasure 52
3.6 Possible Problems 53
3.6.1 Lack of Capacities and Scope 53
3.6.2 Inappropriate Means and Lack of Coherence 55
3.7 Conclusion 57
4 Different Phase, Different Needs? 59
Associations Between Primary Goods and Overall Subjective Well-Being in Adolescents: A Systematic Multi-Level Meta-analysis
4.1 Method 60
4.1.1 Included and Excluded Well-being Measures 60
4.1.2 Included and Excluded Primary Goods Proxy-measures 61
4.1.3 Search Strategy and Selection 61
4.1.4 Data-analysis 65
4.2 Results 67
4.2.1 Primary Goods in Relation to Adolescents’ Well-being 68
4.2.2 Primary Goods Under-represented in the Research Literature 70
4.3 Discussion 72
4.3.1 Psychological Needs: Relatedness, Competence and Autonomy 72
4.3.2 Emotional Needs 74
4.3.3 Basic Needs 75
4.3.4 Spiritual Needs 76
4.3.5 Curiosity and Expressive Needs 77
4.3.6 Pleasure and Happiness: A Paradox? 77
4.4 Limitations and Remaining Questions 78
4.5 Conclusion 81
5 Theoretical and Empirical Background of GLM’s Second Etiological Assumption 83
Associations Between Primary Goods, Well-Being, and Juvenile Delinquency
5.1 Pathways to Delinquency According to the GLM 83
5.2 Need and Goal Frustration 84
5.2.1 Strain Theory 85
5.2.2 Self-Determination Theory 87
5.3 Combining Primary Goods and Risk Factors to Explain Juvenile Delinquency 89
5.4 The Antisocial and Criminal Pursuit of Primary Goods 91
5.4.1 Life 92
5.4.2 Knowledge 93
5.4.3 Excellence in Work 94
5.4.4 Excellence in Play 95
5.4.5 Excellence in Agency 96
5.4.6 Inner Peace 98
5.4.7 Relatedness 99
5.4.8 Community 101
5.4.9 Spirituality 102
5.4.10 Creativity 103
5.4.11 Pleasure 104
5.5 Adolescent Well-being and Delinquency 106
5.6 Conclusion 107
6 Examining Direct and Indirect Pathways to Juvenile Delinquency in the General Population 109
Testing the Associations Between Primary Goods, Well-Being, and Delinquency in Adolescents from the General Population
6.1 Method 111
6.1.1 Sampling Procedure 111
6.1.2 Measures 112
6.1.3 Statistical Analyses 117
6.2 Results 118
6.2.1 Sample Characteristics 118
6.2.2 Descriptive Statistics 119
6.2.3 Relationship Between Well-Being and Delinquency 122
6.2.4 Direct and Indirect Pathways Between Primary goods, Well-Being, and Delinquency 124
6.3 Discussion 130
6.3.1 The Relationship Between Well-being and Adolescent Delinquency 131
6.3.2 The Role of Primary Goods in Adolescents’ Well-Being and Delinquency 131
6.3.3 Relatedness: Family, Peers and Community 132
6.3.4 Competence: Excellence in Work and Life 134
6.3.5 Autonomy: Excellence in Agency 134
6.3.6 Inner Peace 135
6.3.7 Spirituality 136
6.3.8 Less Important Goods 137
6.4 Conclusion 138
6.5 Limitations and Remaining Questions 138
7 Examining Direct and Indirect Pathways to Juvenile Delinquency in Detained Adolescents 141
Testing the Associations Between Primary Goods, Well-Being, Mental Health Problems, Criminogenic Risk and Delinquency in Detained Adolescent Boys
7.1 Method 143
7.1.1 Setting and Sampling Procedure 143
7.1.2 Study Procedure 145
7.1.3 Measures 146
7.1.4 Statistical Analyses 151
7.1.5 Power Analysis 152
7.2 Results 153
7.2.1 Sample Characteristics 153
7.2.2 Descriptive Statistics 154
7.2.3 Relationship Between Well-Being and Delinquency 158
7.2.4 Direct and Indirect Pathways Between Primary Goods, Well-Being and Delinquency 158
7.2.5 Examining the Role of Obstacles in Explaining Well-Being and Delinquency 162
7.3 Discussion 167
7.3.1 The Relationship Between Well-Being and Adolescent Delinquency 167
7.3.2 The Role of Primary Goods in Detained Adolescents’ Well-Being and Delinquency 168
7.3.3 Life: Basic Physical Needs 168
7.3.4 Relatedness: Family and (Fun with) Friends 170
7.3.5 Inner Peace: Mental Health 171
7.3.6 Obstacles: Criminogenic Risk Factors and Mental Health Problems 172
7.3.7 Less Important Goods(?) 172
7.4 Conclusion 173
7.5 Limitations and Remaining Questions 173
8 Examining the Self-Perceived Pathways to Juvenile Delinquency in Detained Adolescents 175
Self-Perceived Views on Primary Goods, Well-Being and Delinquency in Detained Adolescent Boys
8.1 Method 176
8.1.1 Study Procedure 176
8.1.2 Qualitative Analyses 177
8.2 Results 178
8.2.1 Sample Description 178
8.2.2 The Importance of Primary Goods According to Detained Adolescents 179
8.2.3 Secondary Goods in the Pursuit of Primary Goods 195
8.2.4 Delinquency and the Role of (Problems in) Primary Goods Achievement Explained by Adolescents 199
8.3 Discussion 209
8.3.1 The Role of Primary Goods in Adolescent Well-Being 209
8.3.2 Problems in Primary Goods Achievement: Criminogenic Risk Factors as Obstacles 212
8.3.3 Problems in Primary Goods Achievement: Lack of Scope and Coherence 213
8.3.4 Problems in Primary Goods Achievement: Inappropriate Means 214
8.4 Conclusion 216
8.5 Limitations and Remaining Questions 217
9 Theoretical and Empirical Background of the Pathways to Sustainable Desistance 219
Associations Between Primary Goods, Well-Being, Treatment Motivation and Recidivism
9.1 Achieving Sustainable Desistance 220
9.1.1 Desistance Theories 221
9.1.2 Prosocial Identity Development 223
9.2 The Importance of Treatment Motivation and Engagement for Successful Rehabilitation 223
9.3 Enhancing Treatment Motivation and Engagement 225
9.3.1 Multifactor Offender Readiness Model 225
9.3.2 Stages of Change Model 227
9.3.3 Motivational Interviewing 228
9.4 Effective Treatment Goals for (Juvenile) Offender Rehabilitation 229
9.4.1 Well-Being and Quality of Life 229
9.4.2 Psychological Needs: Self-Determination Theory 231
9.4.3 Relatedness: Therapeutic Alliance 232
9.4.4 Competence: Self-Efficacy and Internal Locus of Control 233
9.4.5 Autonomy: Pursuing Personally Relevant Goals 234
9.4.6 Primary Goods Attainment in Adult Offenders 235
9.4.7 Primary Goods Attainment in Young Offenders 237
9.5 Conclusion 238
10 Examining the Pathways to Desistance in Detained Adolescents 239
Testing the Associations between Primary Goods, Well-Being, Mental Health Problems, Treatment Motivation and Recidivism Risk during Detention
10.1 Method 241
10.1.1 Setting and Sampling Procedure 241
10.1.2 Study Procedure 243
10.1.3 Measures 244
10.1.4 Statistical Analyses 247
10.2 Results 249
10.2.1 Sample Characteristics 249
10.2.2 Descriptive Statistics 250
10.2.3 Cross-Sectional Associations at T2 during Detention 255
10.2.4 Longitudinal Relationships between T1 and T2 258
10.3 Discussion 261
10.3.1 The Role of Primary Goods, Well-Being and Treatment Motivation in Recidivism Risk Reduction 262
10.3.2 The Role of Mental Health Problems during Detention 263
10.4 Conclusion 264
10.5 Limitations and Remaining Questions 265
11 General Discussion: The GLM Applied to Adolescent Offenders 269
Conclusions, Recommendations and Practical Implications
11.1 The GLM’ First Etiological Assumption: Primary Goods and Adolescents’ Well-Being 269
11.2 The GLM’s Second Etiological Assumption: Explaining Adolescent Delinquency 272
11.3 The GLM’s Practical Assumptions: Effects on Treatment Motivation and Recidivism (Risk) 276
11.4 Study Limitations and Research Recommendations 277
11.5 Practical Recommendations 280
11.5.1 Complying with the Risk Need Responsivity Principles 280
11.5.2 Forensic Case Formulation 281
11.5.3 Primary Goods Assessment 282
11.5.4 Good Lives Plan 284
11.5.5 Specific Recommendations for Juvenile Offenders 285
11.6 Important Intervention Goals for Adolescent Offenders 288
11.6.1 Family and Peer Relationships 288
11.6.2 School and Work 289
11.6.3 Leisure Activities and Having Fun 290
11.6.4 Substance (Ab)use 291
11.6.5 Mental Health and Overall Well-Being 291
11.6.6 Prosocial Identity and Agency 292
11.7 Effective Individualized Interventions 293
11.7.1 Residential Interventions as a Last Resort 294
11.7.2 Community-based GLM-Compatible Interventions 295
11.7.3 General Effective Components 296
11.8 Conclusion 297
References 299
