Zero-Energy Design

1 GETTING STARTED 12
1.1 Introduction 13
By Andy van den Dobbelsteen
1.1.1 Challenges 13
1.1.2 This book 16
1.2 Energy & Power 20
By Andy van den Dobbelsteen
1.2.1 Energy Slaves 20
1.2.2 Energy 20
1.2.3 Power 22
1.2.4 The flame and energy used at home 23
1.3 Heat Balance 26
By Eric van den Ham
1.3.1 Heat losses 27
1.3.2 Heat gains 28
1.3.3 Heat balance in winter 30
1.3.4 Heat balance in summer 31
1.3.5 Heat balance in spring and autumn 33
1.3.6 Conclusion 35

Introduction to Chapter 2 36
Case 1 Prêt-à-Loger 37
By Andy van den Dobbelsteen

2 RESEARCHING THE LOCAL CIRCUMSTANCES 48
2.1 The Climate 49
By Andy van den Dobbelsteen
2.1.1 Climates across the globe 49
2.1.2 Back to locality 51
2.1.3 Important climate aspects for buildings 53
2.1.4 Understanding the sun 54
2.2 History and principles of bioclimatic design 58
By Andy van den Dobbelsteen
2.2.1 Protection 58
2.2.2 Stabilising the indoor climate 62
2.2.3 Admitting light 65
2.2.4 Air refreshment 68
2.2.5 Smart bioclimatic design 71
Zero-Energy_Design.indd 7 30/07/2021 12:48:45
Zero-Energy Design 8

Introduction to Chapter 3 72
Case 2 Proyecto Roble 75
By Andy van den Dobbelsteen

3 REDUCING THE ENERGY DEMAND 86
3.1 Passive and smart bioclimatic design 87
By Andy van den Dobbelsteen
3.2 Thermal insulation 98
By Eric van den Ham
3.2.1 Heat transmission 98
3.2.2 Determining the U value and thermal resistance 99
3.2.3 Adding thermal insulation 101
3.2.4 Thermal transmittance of windows 104
3.2.5 Conclusion 106
3.3 Ventilation 107
By Regina Bokel
3.3.1 The energy of ventilation 107
3.3.2 Energy required to move air 109
3.3.3 Energy required to heat air 111
3.3.4 Ventilation systems 112
3.3.5 Ventilation control 114
3.3.6 Ventilation in hot countries 115

Introduction to Chapter 4 116
Case 3 Villa Flora 117
By Andy van den Dobbelsteen

4 USING RESIDUAL ENERGY 126
4.1 Heat recovery 127
By Eric van den Ham
4.1.1 Losses and gains 127
4.1.2 Heat exchangers 129
4.1.3 Heat recovery from ventilated air 131
4.1.4 Heat recovery from water 132
4.1.5 Ground duct ventilation 134
4.1.6 Conclusion 136
4.2 Heat pumps and air conditioners 137
By Sabine Jansen
4.2.1 Air-conditioning 137
4.2.2 The heat pump principle 138
4.2.3 Sources for heat pumps 142
4.2.4 Heat pumps in practice 143
4.2.5 Conclusion 145
4.3 Thermal energy storage 146
By Sabine Jansen
4.3.1 Mismatch in supply and demand 146
4.3.2 Storing thermal energy 148
4.3.3 Interseasonal storage underground 151
4.3.4 Conclusion 153
4.4 Energetic Programming 154
By Andy van den Dobbelsteen
4.4.1 Heat demands and potentials in cities 154
4.4.2 Exchanging heat 155
4.4.3 Heat cascading 159
4.4.4 Urban heat collectors 160
4.4.5 Conclusion 162

Introduction to Chapter 5 163
Case 4 Pulse 165
By Andy van den Dobbelsteen

5 GENERATING RENEWABLE ENERGY 178
5.1 Solar energy 179
By Siebe Broersma
5.1.1 Ways to use solar energy 179
5.1.2 Architectural integration, or lack thereof 181
5.1.2 Types of photovoltaics 184
5.1.3 Energy production by photovoltaics 187
5.1.4 Solar heat from solar thermal collectors 189
5.1.5 Integrated solar systems 192
5.2 Biomass 194
By Leo Gommans
5.2.1 Forms of biomass 194
5.2.2 Forms of biomass 197
5.2.3 A personal small-scale example 198
5.2.4 Large-scale systems on the isle of Samsø 201
5.2.5 Organic waste processing 203
5.3 Environmental energy 205
By Michiel Fremouw
5.3.1 Introduction 205
5.3.2 Air as environmental source 207
5.3.3 Open water as environmental source 210
5.3.4 The underground as environmental source 213
5.3.5 Conclusion 217

Introduction to Chapter 6 219
Case 5 Modular Office Renovation (MOR) 223
By Andy van den Dobbelsteen

6 INTEGRATING IT ALL 236
6.1 Integrated design 237
By Tess Blom
6.1.1 Research 238
6.1.2 Reduce – passive solutions 238
6.1.3 Reduce – active solutions 244
6.1.4 Reuse 245
6.1.5 Produce 249
6.1.6 Integrated scheme 253

References 255
Contributors 257