Natural Language Understanding

<br> <br> 1. Introduction to Natural Language Understanding. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> The Study of Language. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Applications of Natural Language Understanding. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Evaluating Language Understanding Systems. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> The Different Levels of Language Analysis. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Representations and Understanding. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> The Organization of Natural Language Understanding Systems. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 2. Linguistic Background: An Outline of English Syntax. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Words. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> The Elements of Simple Noun Phrases. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Verb Phrases and Simple Sentences. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Noun Phrases Revisited. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Adjective Phrases. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Adverbial Phrases. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 3. Grammars and Parsing. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Grammars and Sentence Structure. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> What Makes a Good Grammar. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> A Top-Down Parser. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> A Bottom-Up Chart Parser. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Top-Down Chart Parsing. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Finite State Models and Morphological Processing. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Grammars and Logic Programming. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 4. Features and Augmented Grammars. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Feature Systems and Augmented Grammars. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Some Basic Feature Systems for English. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Morphological Analysis and the Lexicon. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> A Simple Grammar Using Features. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Parsing with Features. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Augmented Transition Networks. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Definite Clause Grammars. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Generalized Feature Systems and Unification Grammars. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 5. Grammars for Natural Language. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Auxiliary Verbs and Verb Phrases. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Movement Phenomena in Language. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Handling Questions in Context-Free Grammars. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Noun Phrases and Relative Clauses. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> The Hold Mechanism in ATN. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Gap Threading. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 6. Toward Efficient Parsing. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Human Preferences in Parsing. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Encoding Uncertainty: Shift-Reduce Parsers. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> A Deterministic Parser. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Techniques for Efficient Encoding of Ambiguity. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Partial Parsing. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 7. Ambiguity Resolution: Statistical Methods. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Basic Probability Theory. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Estimating Probabilities. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Part-of-Speech Tagging. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Obtaining Lexical Probabilities. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Probabilistic Context-Free Grammars. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Best-First Parsing. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> A Simple Context-Dependent Best-First Parser. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 8. Semantics and Logical Form. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Semantics and Logical Form. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Word Senses and Ambiguity. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> The Basic Logical Form Language. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Encoding Ambiguity in Logical Form. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Verbs and States in Logical Form. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Case Relations. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Speech Acts and Embedded Sentences. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Defining Semantic Structure: Model Theory. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 9. Linking Syntax and Semantics. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Semantic Interpretation and Compositionality. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> A Simple Grammar and Lexicon with Semantic Interpretation. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Prepositional Phrases and Verb Phrases. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Lexicalized Semantic Interpretation and Semantic Roles. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Handling Simple Questions. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Semantic Interpretation Using Feature Unification </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Generating Sentences from Logical Form. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 10. Ambiguity Resolution. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Selectional Restrictions. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Semantic Filtering Using Selectional Restrictions. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Semantic Networks. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Statistical Word Sense Disambiguation. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Statistical Semantic Preferences. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Combining Approaches to Disambiguation. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 11. Other Strategies for Semantic Interpretation. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Grammatical Relations. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Semantic Grammars. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Template Matching. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Semantically-Directed Parsing Techniques. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 12. Scoping and the Interpretation of Noun Phrases. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Scoping Phenomena. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Definite Descriptions and Scoping. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> A Method for Scoping While Parsing. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Co-Reference and Binding Constraints. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Adjective Phrases. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Relational Nouns and Nominalizations. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Other Problems in Semantics. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 13. Knowledge Representation and Reasoning. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Knowledge Representation. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> A Representation Based on FOPC. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Frames: Representing Stereotypical Information. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Handling Natural Language Quantification. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Time and Aspectual Classes of Verbs. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Automating Deduction in Logic-Based Representations. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Procedural Semantics and Question Answering. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Hybrid Knowledge Representations. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 14. Local Discourse Context and Reference. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Defining Local Discourse Context and Discourse Entities. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> A Simple Model of Anaphora Based on History Lists. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Pronouns and Centering. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Definite Descriptions. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Definite Reference and Sets. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Ellipsis. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Surface Anaphora. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 15. Using World Knowledge. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Using World Knowledge: Establishing Coherence. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Matching Against Expectations. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Reference and Matching Expectations. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Using Knowledge About Action and Casualty. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Scripts: Understanding Stereotypical Situations. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Using Hierarchical Plans. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Action-Effect-Based Reasoning. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Using Knowledge About Rational Behavior. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 16. Discourse Structure. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> The Need for Discourse Structure. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Segmentation and Cue Phrases. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Discourse Structure and Reference. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Relating Discourse Structure and Inference. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Discourse Structure, Tense, and Aspect. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Managing the Attentional Stack. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> An Example. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> 17. Defining a Conversational Agent. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> What's Necessary to Build a Conversational Agent? </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Language as Multi-Agent Activity. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Representing Cognitive State: Beliefs. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Representing Cognitive State: Desires, Intentions, and Plans. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Speech Acts and Communicative Acts. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Planning. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Communicative Acts. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Communicative Acts and the Recognition of Intention. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> The Source of Intention in Dialogue. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Recognizing Illocutionary Acts. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Discourse and Level Planning. </div> <p></p> <br> <br> Appendices. <br> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> An Introduction to Logic and Model Theoretic Semantics. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Symbolic Computation. </div> <p></p> <p> </p> <div style="margin-left: 0.2in;"> Spoken Language. 0805303340T04062001 </div> <p></p>