The Phoneme

Preface; 1. Speech sounds; 2. The phoneme; 3. The semantic function of phonemes; 4. Phonetic transcription; 5. Other significant elements; 6. Minimal distinctions; 7. Examples of phonemic grouping; 8. Differences of usage in different languages; 9. Acoustic impressions; 10. Ascertaining the phonemes of a language; 11. Need for accurate analysis; 12. Difficulties in identifying sounds in special sequences; 13. Identification of sounds by characteristics of adjoining sounds; 14. Some difficulties in establishing phonemic groupings; 15. Gliding sounds and compound sounds; 16. Coloured vowels; 17. Vowels and consonants as members of the same phoneme; 18. Manner of use as a criterion; 19. The overlapping of phonemes; 20. Di-phonemic sounds; 21. Functions of length, stress and voice-pitch; 22. Significant length; 23. Chronemes; 24. Stress, prominence; 25. Tonemes; 26. Distinctions by complexes of attributes; 27. Diaphones; 27. Erratic pronunciation; 28. Mentalistic and functional conceptions of the phoneme; 29. The practical use of the theory of phonemes; 30. Further remarks on phonetic writing; 31. The phoneme in the history of languages; Appendices; Indexes.