Preface xxiv <br> PART I: OVERVIEW<br>Chapter 1: Cellular Networks: Concepts and Evolution 2 <br>1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks 2 <br>1.2 Cellular Network Concepts 4 <br> Cellular Organization 4 <br> Network System Elements 10 <br> Operation of Cellular Systems 11 <br>1.3 First Generation (1G) 14 <br>1.4 Second Generation (2G) 15 <br> Time-Division Multiple Access 16 <br> GSM Architecture 17 <br> Radio Link Aspects 20 <br>1.5 Third Generation (3G) 20 <br> Code-Division Multiple Access 21 <br> 3G Architecture 21 <br>1.6 Fourth Generation (4G) 24 <br> E-UTRAN 26 <br> LTE-Advanced Transmission Characteristics 29 <br> Evolved Packet Core 33 <br>1.7 Key Terms and Review Questions 34 <br> Key Terms 34 <br> Review Questions 35 <br> Chapter 2: 5G Standards and Specifications 36 <br>2.1 ITU-R and IMT-2020 37 <br> International Mobile Telecommunications 38 <br> Capabilities 38 <br> Usage Scenarios 41 <br> Use Cases 43 <br> Evaluation 46 <br>2.2 ITU-T and IMT-2020 57 <br> Requirements 57 <br> Network Slicing 59 <br> Fixed Mobile Convergence 61 <br> IMT-2020 Core Network Framework 62 <br>2.3 3GPP 65 <br> 3GPP Releases 69 <br> Detailed Requirements 70 <br>2.4 Key Terms and Review Questions 72 <br> Key Terms 72 <br> Review Questions 73 <br>2.5 References and Documents 74 <br> References 74 <br> Documents 74 <br> Chapter 3: Overview of 5G Use Cases and Architecture 76 <br>3.1 5G Use Cases 77 <br> ITU-R 77 <br> 5G Americas 77 <br> NGMA Alliance 79 <br>3.2 NGMN 5G Architecture Framework 81 <br> Layered Functionality 82 <br> Network Slicing 85 <br>3.3 3GPP 5G Architecture 87 <br> 5G Core Network Architecture 87 <br> Radio Access Network Architecture 94 <br> Session Establishment 97 <br>3.4 Key Terms and Review Questions 98 <br> Key Terms 98 <br> Review Questions 99 <br>3.5 References and Documents 99 <br> References 99 <br> <div> Documents 100 </div> <div> <br> </div> PART II: USE CASES AND APPLICATIONS<br>Chapter 4: Enhanced Mobile Broadband 102 <br>4.1 eMBB Deployment Scenarios 103 <br> Indoor Hotspot 104 <br> Dense Urban 105 <br> Rural 105 <br>4.2 eMBB Performance Characteristics 105 <br> Data Rate Requirements 106 <br> Spectral Efficiency Requirements 107 <br> Latency Requirements 108 <br> Mobility Requirements 108 <br> System Requirements 109 <br>4.3 Smart Office: An Indoor Hotspot Use Case 110 <br>4.4 Dense Urban Information Society: A Dense Urban Use Case 111 <br>4.5 Radiocommunication Systems Between Train and Trackside: A Rural eMBB Use Case 113 <br> Elements of RSTT 114 <br> Applications of RSTT 114 <br> Broadband Connectivity for Passengers 116 <br> Linear Cell Architecture 117 <br>4.6 Key Terms and Review Questions 118 <br> Key Terms 118 <br> Review Questions 118 <br>4.7 References and Documents 119 <br> References 119 <br> Documents 119 <br> Chapter 5: Massive Machine Type Communications 122 <br>5.1 mMTC Performance Requirements 123 <br>5.2 The Internet of Things 124 <br> The Scope of the Internet of Things 125 <br> Things on the Internet of Things 128 <br> Components of IoT-Enabled Things 128 <br> Constrained Devices 129 <br> IoT and Cloud Context 130 <br>5.3 Relationship Between mMTC and the IoT 133 <br>5.4 Relationship Between mMTC and NB-IoT and eMTC 135 <br> Comparison of NB-IoT and eMTC 135 <br> Low-Power Wide Area (LPWA) 136 <br>5.5 Smart Agriculture 138 <br> Model of IoT Deployment 138 <br> Use Cases 140 <br> Precision Crop Management 145 <br> Network Performance Requirements 150 <br>5.6 Smart Cities 150 <br> Smart City Use Cases 151 <br> ICT Architecture for Smart Cities 158 <br> Network Performance Requirements 160 <br>5.7 Key Terms and Review Questions 162 <br> Key Terms 162 <br> Review Questions 163 <br>5.8 References and Documents 163 <br> References 163 <br> Documents 164 <br> Chapter 6: Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications 166 <br>6.1 URLLC Performance Requirements 167 <br> Latency 168 <br> Mobility 169 <br> Reliability 170 <br> NGMN Definitions 170 <br>6.2 URLLC Use Cases in Emerging Mission-Critical Applications 171 <br> Industrial Automation 171 <br> Ground Vehicles, Drones, and Robots 171 <br> Tactile Interaction 171 <br> Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality 172 <br> Emergencies, Disasters, and Public Safety 176 <br> Urgent Healthcare 176 <br> Intelligent Transportation 177 <br>6.3 URLLC Applications Based on Performance Requirements 178 <br> Higher Reliability and Lower Latency 179 <br> Higher Reliability, Higher Availability, and Lower Latency 180 <br> Very Low Latency 181 <br> Higher Accuracy Positioning 181 <br> Higher Availability 181 <br> Mission-Critical Services 182 <br>6.4 Industry 4.0 182 <br> Factory Automation Architecture 183 <br> Application Areas 185 <br> Use Cases 187 <br> Performance Requirements 189 <br>6.5 Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management 191 <br> UTM Architecture 192 <br> 5G Performance Requirements for UTM 194 <br>6.6 Key Terms and Review Questions 197 <br> Key Terms 197 <br> Review Questions 198 <br>6.7 References and Documents 199 <br> References 199 <br> <div> Documents 199 </div> <div> <br> </div> PART III: 5G NEXTGEN CORE NETWORK<br>Chapter 7: Software-Defined Networking 202 <br>7.1 Evolving Network Requirements 203 <br>7.2 The SDN Approach 204 <br> Modern Network Requirements 204 <br> SDN Architecture 204 <br> Characteristics of Software-Defined Networking 207 <br>7.3 SDN Data Plane 207 <br> Data Plane Functions 207 <br> Data Plane Protocols 209 <br>7.4 OpenFlow 209 <br> Flow Table Structure 211 <br> Flow Table Pipeline 214 <br> The Use of Multiple Tables 216 <br> Group Table 217 <br> OpenFlow Protocol 217 <br>7.5 SDN Control Plane 218 <br> Control Plane Functions 218 <br> Southbound Interface 220 <br> Northbound Interface 220 <br> Eastbound Interface 223 <br> Westbound Interface 224 <br>7.6 SDN Application Plane 225 <br> Application Plane Architecture 225 <br> Northbound Interface 226 <br> Network Services Abstraction Layer 226 <br> Network Applications 226 <br> User Interface 230 <br>7.7 Key Terms and Review Questions 230 <br> Key Terms 230 <br> Review Questions 231 <br>7.8 References and Documents 231 <br> References 231 <br> Documents 232 <br> Chapter 8: Network Functions Virtualization 234 <br>8.1 Background and Motivation for NFV 235 <br>8.2 Virtual Machines and Containers 236 <br> Hypervisor 236 <br> Architectural Approaches 238 <br> Container Virtualization 241 <br>8.3 NFV Concepts 242 <br> Simple Example of the Use of NFV 245 <br> NFV Principles 246 <br> High-Level NFV Framework 246 <br>8.4 NFV Benefits and Requirements 248 <br> NFV Benefits 248 <br> NFV Requirements 249 <br>8.5 NFV Reference Architecture 250 <br> NFV Management and Orchestration 251 <br> Reference Points 251 <br>8.6 NFV Infrastructure 252 <br> Container Interface 253 <br> Deployment of NFVI Containers 256 <br> Logical Structure of NFVI Domains 257 <br> Compute Domain 258 <br> Hypervisor Domain 260 <br> Infrastructure Network Domain 261 <br>8.7 Virtualized Network Functions 263 <br> VNF Interfaces 263 <br> VNFC-to-VNFC Communication 264 <br> VNF Scaling 266 <br>8.8 SDN and NFV 267 <br>8.9 Key Terms and Review Questions 269 <br> Key Terms 269 <br> Review Questions 270 <br>8.10 References and Documents 271 <br> References 271 <br> Documents 271 <br> Chapter 9: Core Network Functionality, QoS, and Network Slicing 272 <br>9.1 Core Network Requirements 273 <br> Network Operational Requirements 273 <br> Basic Network Requirements 275 <br>9.2 Core Network Functional Architecture 279 <br> Tunneling 281 <br> PDU Session Establishment 283 <br> Policy Control Function 287 <br>9.3 Quality of Service 291 <br> QoS Capabilities 291 <br> QoS Architectural Framework 294 <br> QoS Classification, Marking, and Differentiation 297 <br> 3GPP QoS Architecture 298 <br> QoS Parameters 299 <br> QoS Characteristics 301 <br> Standardized 5QI-to-QoS Characteristic Mapping 303 <br>9.4 Network Slicing 307 <br> Network Slicing Concepts 308 <br> Requirements for Network Slicing 310 <br> Identifying and Selecting a Network Slice 312 <br> Functional Aspects of Network Slicing 313 <br> Generic Slice Template 314 <br>9.5 SDN and NFV Support for 5G 315 <br>9.6 Key Terms and Review Questions 319 <br> Key Terms 319 <br> Review Questions 319 <br>9.7 References and Documents 320 <br> References 320 <br> Documents 320 <br> Chapter 10: Multi-Access Edge Computing 322 <br>10.1 MEC and 5G 323 <br>10.2 MEC Architectural Concepts 324 <br>10.3 ETSI MEC Architecture 327 <br> Design Principles 328 <br> MEC System Reference Architecture 329 <br> Related Elements 332 <br>10.4 MEC in NFV 333 <br> MEC Components Implemented as VNFs 333 <br> MEC Components Replaced by NFV Components 335 <br> MEC System-Level Components 335 <br>10.5 MEC Support for Network Slicing 335 <br>10.6 MEC Use Cases 336 <br> Consumer-Oriented Services 337 <br> Operator and Third-Party Services 342 <br> Network Performance and QoS Improvements 344 <br>10.7 3GPP Architecture for Enabling Edge Applications 349 <br> EDGEAPP Functional Architecture 350 <br> Synergized Mobile Edge Cloud Architecture 352 <br>10.8 Key Terms and Review Questions 353 <br> Key Terms 353 <br> Review Questions 353 <br>10.9 References and Documents 354 <br> References 354 <br> <div> Documents 355 </div> <div> <br> </div> PART IV: 5G NR AIR INTERFACE AND RADIO ACCESS NETWORK<br>Chapter 11: Wireless Transmission 356 <br>11.1 Channel Capacity 357 <br> Nyquist Bandwidth 357 <br> Shannon Capacity Formula 358 <br>11.2 Line-of-Sight Transmission 361 <br> Refraction 362 <br> Optical and Radio Line of Sight 363 <br>11.3 Line-of-Sight Transmission Impairments 364 <br> Attenuation 364 <br> Free Space Loss 365 <br> Path Loss Exponent in Practical Cellular Systems 368 <br> Noise 369 <br> The Expression Eb/N0 372 <br> Atmospheric Absorption 374 <br> Multipath 375 <br> Refraction 376 <br>11.4 Fading in the Mobile Environment 376 <br> Multipath Propagation 376 <br> The Effects of Multipath Propagation 377 <br> Types of Fading 378 <br> The Fading Channel 379 <br>11.5 Millimeter Wave Transmission for 5G 381 <br> Propagation Impairments 381 <br> Implications for 5G 385 <br>11.6 Key Terms and Review Questions 387 <br> Key Terms 387 <br> Review Questions 388 <br>11.7 References 389 <br>ANNEX 11A: Decibels and Signal Strength 389 <br> Chapter 12: Antennas 394 <br>12.1 Channel Correction Mechanisms 394 <br> Adaptive Equalization 395 <br> Diversity Techniques 396 <br> Adaptive Modulation and Coding 398 <br> Forward Error Correction 398 <br>12.2 Introduction to Antennas 399 <br> Radiation Patterns 399 <br> Antenna Types 401 <br> Antenna Gain 406 <br>12.3 Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO) Antennas 407 <br> MIMO Principles 408 <br> Multiple-User MIMO 410 <br>12.4 Advanced Cellular Antennas 411 <br> Evolution of Cellular Antennas 411 <br> Beamforming 412 <br> Active Antenna Systems 416 <br> Massive MIMO 417 <br>12.5 Key Terms and Review Questions 420 <br> Key Terms 420 <br> Review Questions 421 <br>12.6 References 422 <br> Chapter 13: Air Interface Physical Layer 424 <br>13.1 Modulation Schemes 424 <br> Modulation 425 <br> Amplitude-Shift Keying 425 <br> Frequency-Shift Keying 426 <br> Phase-Shift Keying 426 <br> Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 433 <br> pi/2-BPSK 437 <br>13.2 OFDM, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA 438 <br> Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 438 <br> OFDM Implementation 441 <br> Difficulties of OFDM 444 <br> Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access 445 <br> Single-Carrier FDMA 446 <br>13.3 Waveforms and Numerologies 448 <br> Numerology 448 <br> CP-OFDM 449 <br> DFT-S-OFDM 450 <br>13.4 Key Terms and Review Questions 451 <br> Key Terms 451 <br> Review Questions 452 <br>13.5 References and Documents 453 <br> References 453 <br> Documents 453 <br>ANNEX 13A: Multiplexing and Multiple Access 453 <br> Multiplexing 453 <br> Multiple Access 455 <br> Chapter 14: Air Interface Channel Coding 456 <br>14.1 Transmission Errors 457 <br> Error Burst 457 <br> Data Transmission Channels 458 <br>14.2 Forward Error Correction 460 <br> Block Error Correction 460 <br> Hamming Distance 462 <br>14.3 Parity-Check Matrix Codes 466 <br> Encoding 469 <br> Error Detection 470 <br> Error Correction 470 <br>14.4 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 471 <br> Code Construction 472 <br> Error Correction 473 <br> Encoding 476 <br>14.5 Polar Coding 476 <br> Polar Encoder 477 <br> Synthetic Channels 479 <br> Decoding 483 <br>14.6 3GPP Channel Coding Specification 484 <br> Quasi-Cyclic Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 485 <br> Polar Coding with CRC 486 <br>14.7 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 488 <br>14.8 Key Terms and Review Questions 490 <br> Key Terms 490 <br> Review Questions 490 <br>14.9 References and Documents 491 <br> References 491 <br> Documents 492 <br> Chapter 15: 5G Radio Access Network 494 <br>15.1 Overall RAN Architecture 494 <br>15.2 RAN–Core Functional Split 499 <br> RAN Functional Areas 500 <br> Core Functional Areas 501 <br>15.3 RAN Channel Structure 502 <br> Logical Channel 503 <br> Transport Channels 503 <br> Physical Channels 504 <br>15.4 RAN Protocol Architecture 505 <br> Air Interface Protocol Architecture 505 <br> Channel Structure 508 <br> RAN–Core Network Interface Protocol Architecture 509 <br> Xn Interface Protocol Architecture 511 <br>15.5 NG RAN Transport Network 512 <br>15.6 Integrated Access and Backhaul 517 <br> IAB Architecture 519 <br> Parent/Child Relationship 520 <br> IAB Protocol Architecture 520 <br>15.7 Key Terms and Review Questions 523 <br> Key Terms 523 <br> Review Questions 524 <br>15.8 References and Documents 525 <br> References 525 <br> <div> Documents 525 </div> <div> <br> </div> PART V: APPENDIXES<br>Appendix A: Review Questions and Solutions 528<br>Appendix B: Glossary 594<br>Appendix C: Acronyms 604<br>Index 608 <br> <br> <br>