Social Exchange

I Theoretical Extension.- 1 A Theory of Indebtednes.- Definition of Indebtedness.- Determinants of the Magnitude of Indebtedness.- The Donor’s Motives for Aiding the Recipient.- The Magnitude of the Recipient’s and the Donor’s Rewards and Costs.- The Locus of Causality of the Donor’s Action.- Cues Emitted by Comparison Others.- Assessment of the Magnitude of Indebtedness.- Self-Reports.- Behavioral and Cognitive Attempts to Reduce Indebtedness.- Comparison between Indebtedness and Inequity.- Cultural Variations.- 2 What Should Be Done with Equity Theory? New Approaches to the Study of Fairness in Social Relationships.- The Problem of Allocation.- Issues in Equity Theory.- A Multidimensional Approach to Distributive Fairness.- The Unidimensional Approach of Equity Theory.- The Multidimensional Approach of Justice Judgment Theory.- Judgments of Distributive Fairness.- The Perception of Procedural Fairness.- Procedural Fairness Defined.- Structural Components in Cognitive Maps of the Allocative Process.- Justice Rules for Evaluating Procedural Fairness.- The Relative Weight of Procedural Rules.- The Impact of Perceived Fairness on Behavior.- The Importance of Fairness.- Activation of the Justice Judgment Sequence.- Concern for Fairness and Other Causes of “Fair” Behavior.- A Distinction between Fair and Quasi-Fair Behavior.- Summary.- 3 The Search for Uniqueness and Valuation of Scarcity: Neglected Dimensions of Value in Exchange Theory.- Conformity as Social Exchange.- Uniqueness Studies.- Uniqueness as a Neglected Cost.- Uniqueness Attributes.- Scarcity.- Names.- Clothing.- Dates and Mates.- Beliefs.- Performance.- Deindividuation and Uniqueness.- Summary.- 4 Resource Theory: Interpersonal Behavior as Exchange.- Six Resource Classes.- Relationship between Resource Exchange and Interpersonal Behavior.- Differentiation of Resources in Childhood.- Exchange Outcomes and Environmental Influences.- Relationship between Self and Other.- Relationship between Giving and Taking.- Relationship between Interpersonal Situation and Exchange.- Time for Processing Input.- Delay of Reward.- Optimum Group Size.- Empirical Support for Resource Theory.- Homogeneity of Classes.- Similarity and Substitution.- Structure.- Exchange.- Effect of Restrictions.- Helping Behavior.- Recent Development.- Differentiation of Resources in Hetero- and Homosexual Males.- Asymmetry in Generalization.- Further Results.- Rules of the Game.- Application to Problems of Society.- II Exchange Theory in Specialized Settings.- 5 Leadership and Social Exchange Processes.- Leadership in Retrospect.- Leadership as a Transactional Influence Process.- Leader Legitimacy and Social Exchange.- Idiosyncrasy Credit and Innovation.- Leader Legitimacy and System Progress.- Leadership Effectiveness and a Fair Exchange.- 6 The Study of Organizations through a Resource-Exchange Paradigm.- Resource Exchanges in Organizational Analysis.- Historical Development.- R—E Processes in Organization—Environment Relationships.- Some R—E “Extra-Economic” Aspects of Interorganizational Relations.- Organizational Coping.- Interorganizational Networks.- Power and Dependence.- Implications of the R-E Paradigm for Intraorganizational Processes.- Internal Processes: Some Macrolevel Studies.- Internal Processes: Some Micro-Considerations.- Conclusions.- 7 Sex Roles, Social Exchange, and Couples.- Role Expectations.- Ascribed and Achieved Status.- Evaluation of Male and Female Role Occupants.- Partner Markets and Initial Formation.- Intrinsic Compatibility.- Components of Compatibility.- Overall Compatibility.- Relations among Formation, Compatibility, and Stability.- Market Characteristics and Mean Compatibility.- Effects of Loners on Stability.- Preliminary Research Support.- Summary.- 8 An “Incremental Exchange” Perspective on the Pair Relationship: Interpersonal Reward and Level of Involvement.- Exchange Theory in a Sequential Perspective.- Incremental Exchange Theory.- The Relate Model.- Simulation of a Romantic Involvement.- The Meaning of “Reward” in Dyadic Interaction.- Dimensions of Reward.- Behavioral versus Relational Rewards.- Other Dimensions of Reward.- Adaptation Levels, Comparison Levels, and Gradients.- The Meaning of Involvement.- Toward a Revised Model.- Reconsidering the Simulation of Interpersonal Involvement.- Differing Levels of Involvement.- Toward a Revised Simulation of a Heterosexual Relationship.- Conclusions.- Implications for Exchange Theory.- III Critical Analysis.- 9 Structural and Motivational Approaches to Social Exchange.- The Norm of Reciprocity and Normative Values.- Mauss and Gouldner Compared.- Rules of Exchange.- Strategies of Exchange.- Cultural Frame of Reference.- Structural versus Motivational Approaches.- The Structural Approach.- The Motivational Approach.- Summary.- 10 The Myth of Reciprocity.- Anthropological Approaches toward Reciprocity and Some Hypotheses.- The Ethnographic Setting of the Study.- The Society.- Data Gathering.- The Methods of Handling the Data.- Testing Various Reciprocity Theories.- The Regression Analysis and Its Implications.- Reciprocity and Kinship Distance.- Native Interpretations versus Our Interpretations of Exchange Transactions.- Summary and Conclusions.- 11 New Developments in Operant Conditioning and Their Implications.- The Experimental Analysis of Behavior: Methods and Assumptions.- Is Learning in Nature Biologically Neutral? The Ethological View.- Instinctive Drift.- Taste-Aversion Learning.- Is the Skinner Box Biologically Neutral?.- Implications of Specialized Learning for Extensions of Operant Conditioning Principles to Human Affairs.- Summary.- 12 Exchange Theory: The Transient and the Enduring.- Enlightenment Effects: Exchange Theory as Prescription.- Level of Abstraction and the Incorporation of Change.- Theoretical Utility and the Exchange Orientation.- The Explanatory Function.- The Sensitizing Function.- The Organization of Experience.- The Integration Function.- The Generative Function.- The Value-Sustaining Function.- Conclusion.- References.